Depressed)Ī refractometer should be used for USG measurements. Specimen and Processing Considerations Lab Artifacts that May Interfere with Readings of Levels of this Substance (and how-Artificially Elevated vs. Drug Effects on Levelsĭiuretics will cause the USG to decrease. Important Interspecies DifferencesĪdults have greater concentrating ability than neonates. Next Diagnostic Step to Consider if Levels LowĪssess hydration status and evaluate serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, phosphate, glucose, calcium, sodium, and potassium. Hyposthenuria or isosthenuria in the face of dehydration or azotemia supports a diagnosis of renal disease. Hyposthenuria (USG 75% nonfunctioning tubules or chronic renal failure), administration of diuretics (furosemide) and hypercalcemia. Further investigations include bladder and kidney palpation, ultrasound scan and cystoscopic examinations, looking for sabulous (bladder) or discrete calculus formation.Marked hyposthenuria (USG 1.001–1.005) is rarely seen in horses however, causes include psychogenic polydipsia, pituitary tumors, and diabetes insipidus. Large amounts of sabulous material are not necessarily an indication of abnormality. Urolithiasis cases usually have a degree of proteinuria and haematuria and may exhibit dysuria. Horse urine is fundamentally a supersaturated solution of calcium carbonate and will normally contain variable amounts of predominantly calcium carbonate crystals. Bacteria which if seen following Gram stain in association with leucocytes may also indicate infection. Leucocytes indicate inflammation/infection. Microscopic examinations should be used to detect casts (protein and cellular masses), which suggest renal tubular pathology. Bilirubinuria may occur with choleliths or other causes of bile duct obstruction. Haemoglobinuria may occur with haemolytic conditions. Haematuria and sometimes haemoglobinuria may occur following traumatic injury, or with renal or cystic calculus formation. Glucosuria may be seen in classical Cushingoid horses and ponies. Proteinuria may occur with inflammation or renal tubular pathology. Urine pH reflects diet and horses grazing pasture will normally have alkaline urine whereas those on a cereal- based performance-type diet will normally have slightly acidic urine. Dipsticks are commonly used to measure pH (normally 7.5-8.5 in adult horses, 5.5-8.0 in foals) and to detect other abnormalities. Specific gravity (1.008-1.040 in adult horses, 1.001-1.025 in foals) should be measured with a refractometer. Horse urine is highly variable in colour from near colourless to golden or brownish and in its density, turbidity and mucinous content. Urine samples should be examined grossly for colour and consistency, the presence of blood (either fresh or changed), pus or excessive crystalline material. Beware of owners collecting samples into other containers before pouring the urine into the provided universal container, resulting in spurious results. Mid-stream samples should be collected without the use of diuretics (which alter urine composition) into a sterile universal container. Urine analysis is useful to help detect renal or bladder pathology and to investigate cases of septic nephritis, cystitis or urethritis.
0 kommentar(er)
